Raccoon09's+Animal+Report+page

 **Research 75 facts with source**

[] 1.) Most penguins feed on [|krill], [|fish], [|squid], and other forms of [|sealife] caught while swimming underwater.
 * are so****me digital facts about our endangered flightless feathered friends** **online

**2. Penguins **([|order] ** Sphenisciformes **, [|family] ** Spheniscidae **) are a group of [|aquatic], [|flightless] [|birds]

[| 3. the largest living species is the Emperor_Penguin] [|adults average about 1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) tall and [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass|weigh] 35 kg (75 lb) or more]] 

4. Although all penguin species are native to the southern hemisphere, they are not found only in cold climates, such as [|Antarctica]. In fact, only a few species of penguin live so far south. Several species are found in the [|temperate] zone, and one species, the [|Galápagos Penguin], lives near the equator.



5. [] he word //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Penguin //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> is thought by some to derive from the [|Welsh] words //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">pen //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> (head) and //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">gwyn //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> (white)

6. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguins] <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It is also possible that //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">penguin //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> comes from the [|Latin] //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">pinguis //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">, “fat”  <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Organization research chart 7.[|http://www.seaworld.org/infobooks/Penguins/adaptations.html] **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> During deep dives, the penguin heart rate slows.

8. A well defined fat layer improves insulation in cold water, but probably is not enough to keep body temperature stable at sea for long. Penguins must remain active while in water to generate body heat (Sparks and Soper, 1987).

9.During the antarctic winter, when the period of darkness may last more than 20 hours, huddling emperor penguins incubating eggs may spend most of a 24-hour period sleeping (Groscolas, 1990). 10.[|http://www.seaworld.org/infobooks/Penguins/longevity.html] The average lifespan of penguins is probably 15 to 20 years. Some individuals live considerably longer (Sparks and Soper, 1987).

11. Winter starvation may claim the lives of 50% of king chicks (Cherel, et al., 1987; Davis and Darby, 1990).

12. Historians believe that indigenous peoples have hunted some species of penguins and taken eggs for centuries (Sparks and Soper, 1987).

13. The introduction of predators has had devastating effects in some areas. Rats, dogs, pigs, and ferrets have been known to prey on chicks, eggs, and even adult penguins. Introduced herbivores, such as sheep and rabbits, cause serious deterioration of habitat (del Hoyo, et al., 1992).

14. Penguins may swim and feed in groups, but some may be solitary when diving for food. Emperor penguins have been observed feeding in groups with coordinated diving (Marchant, 1990).

15. During the breeding season some species come ashore and nest in huge colonies called rookeries. Some rookeries include hundreds of thousands of penguins and cover hundreds of square kilometers (Marchant, 1990).

16. . Penguins exhibit intricate courting and mate-recognition behavior. Elaborate visual and vocal displays help establish and maintain nesting territories (Marchant, 1990)

17. When in the water, penguins may be eaten by leopard seals, fur seals, sea lions, sharks, or killer whales (Sparks and Soper, 1987; Simpson, 1976).

18. On land, foxes, snakes, and introduced predators such as feral dogs, cats, and stoats (members of the weasel family) prey on eggs and chicks of some penguin species, including the yellow-eyed and Galapagos penguins (Sparks and Soper, 1987; Muller-Schwarze, 1984).

19. Mass exploitation occurred when early explorers, sealers, whalers, and fishermen turned to penguin colonies as sources of fresh meat and eggs (Moller-Schwarze, 1984). Sometimes more than 300,000 eggs were taken in annual harvests from one African island (Sparks and Soper, 1987). Explorers were known to kill and salt 3,000 penguins in a day for voyage provisions (Simpson, 1976). Penguins were easy prey because of their inability to fly and their seeming lack of fear of humans (Sparks and Soper, 1987). Although egg-collecting was banned in 1969, illegal harvesting continues today (del Hoyo, et al., 1992).

20. man competition for food sources can affect penguin populations. Overfishing of anchovetta (a small fish), the primary food source of the Humboldt penguin, has contributed to their population decline (Araya and Todd, 1988).

21. The introduction of predators has had devastating effects in some areas. Rats, dogs, pigs, and ferrets have been known to prey on chicks, eggs, and even adult penguins. Introduced herbivores, such as sheep and rabbits, cause serious deterioration of habitat (del Hoyo, et al., 1992).

22. a. Oil fouls their feathers, reducing the waterproofing and insulating properties of their plumage. The birds become susceptible to hypothermia (chilling).

23. Activity that may seem harmless, such as aircraft flying over penguin colonies, may cause panic and stampedes, resulting in injuries and easy predation (del Hoyo, et al., 1992).

24. [|http://www.seaworld.org/infobooks/Penguins/senses.html] As in most birds, penguin hearing is thought to be good, but not as acute as that of marine mammals. The hearing range for most birds is 0.1-8 kHz. Hearing for penguins has not been well researched, but vocalization has. Vocalizations (calls) are important in communication and mate recognition.

25. . A penguin's eyes are adapted for underwater vision (del Hoyo, et al., 1992). In air, penguins are nearsighted (Sparks and Soper, 1987).

26. Penguins have exhibited color vision and are sensitive to violet, blue, and green light (Sparks and Soper, 1987). 28. Penguins' sense of smell may be more developed than early studies indicated. The olfactory lobe of a penguin's brain is large (Muller-Schwarze, 1984). Studies on captive Humboldt penguins indicate that this species may have some sense of smell (del Hoyo, et al., 1992). 4.The threat call is the simplest and is used to defend a territory and warn against predators (del Hoyo, et al., 1992).
 * 2 7. th**e sense of taste in penguins has not been extensively studied. In general, the sense of taste is poorly developed in birds.

29[] Penguin calls (vocalizations) are individually identifiable, allowing partners to recognize each other and also their chick. This is important since the members of a large colony of penguins are nearly indistinguishable on sight (del Hoyo, et al., 1992).

30.research has identified differences in the calls of male and female emperor penguins. These differences probably function in courtship and mate selection.

31.here are three main kinds of penguin calls.

32.The contact call is usually used at sea to assist in visual recognition of colony members. The contact call of emperor and king penguins can be heard one kilometer (0.6 mi.) away (del Hoyo, et al., 1992).

33.he display call is the most complex of all the calls and is used between partners in a colony. The call must convey information on territorial, sexual, and individual recognition (del Hoyo, et al., 1992).

3

35. penguins communicate by vocalizing and performing physical behaviors called displays. They use many vocal and visual displays to communicate nesting territories, mating information, nest relief rituals, partner and chick recognition, and defense against intruders (Sparks and Soper, 1987; Simpson, 1976). 36. During much of the 19th century, and into the 20th, penguin skins were used to make caps, slippers, and purses. Feathers were used for clothing decorations and as mattress stuffing (del Hoyo, et al., 1992; Simpson, 1976; Sparks and Soper, 1987). Inhabitants of the remote island grouping in the South Atlantic, Tristan da Cunha, still depend on penguins for eggs, feathers, oil, and skins (Simpson, 1976).

37. penguin colonies as sources of fresh meat and eggs (Moller-Schwarze, 1984). Sometimes more than 300,000 eggs were taken in annual harvests from one African island (Sparks and Soper, 1987). Explorers were known to kill and salt 3,000 penguins in a day for voyage provisions (Simpson, 1976). Penguins were easy prey because of their inability to fly and their seeming lack of fear of humans (Sparks and Soper, 1987). Although egg-collecting was banned in 1969, illegal harvesting continues today (del Hoyo, et al., 1992). 3. During much of the 19th century, and into the 20th, penguin skins were used to make caps, slippers, and purses. Feathers were used for clothing decorations and as mattress stuffing (del Hoyo, et al., 1992; Simpson, 1976; Sparks and Soper, 1987). Inhabitants of the remote island grouping in the South Atlantic, Tristan da Cunha, still depend on penguins for eggs, feathers, oil, and skins (Simpson, 1976). 4. The extraction of oil from penguins' fat layers became economically important in the 1800s and early 1900s. Oil was used for l Humboldt penguin guano has great commercial value as a nitrogen-rich fertilizer. Although the Incas used penguin and seabird guano to improve their crops as far back as 500 B.C., they carefully managed the resource by extracting it at a slower rate than it was being produced. Guano became a major product of international trade in the 1800s, and in the early 1900s the deposits were in danger of being depleted (Sparks and Soper, 1987). Guano harvesting is better managed today, but overexploitation of this commodity is a serious threat to the Humboldt population (Araya and Todd, 1988).

38.<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); font-family: Arial;">**[|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguins]** Penguins are superbly adapted to an [|aquatic] life. Their [|vestigial] [|wings] have become flippers, useless for flight in the air.

39.The smallest penguin species is the [|Little Blue Penguin] (also known as the Fairy Penguin), which stands around 40 cm tall (16 in) and weighs 1 kg (2.2 lb). Among extant penguins, larger penguins inhabit colder regions, while smaller penguins are generally found in temperate or even tropical climates 40[|eating habits page] Penguins eat krill (a shrimplike crustacean in the family Euphausiidae), squids, and fishes. Various species of penguins have slightly different food preferences, which reduces competition among species.

41. The smaller penguin species of the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily feed on krill and squids. Species found farther north tend to eat fishes (del Hoyo, et al., 1992).

42. Emperors and kings primarily eat fishes and squids (Kooyman, 1971).43.Penguins feed at sea. Most feeding occurs within 15.3 to 18.3 m (50-60 ft.) of the surface. The location of prey can vary seasonally and even daily (del Hoyo, et al., 1992).

44.Penguins primarily rely on their vision while hunting (Marchant, 1990). It is not known how penguins locate prey in the darkness, at night, or at great depths, but some scientists hypothesize that penguins are helped by the fact that many oceanic squids, crustaceans, and fishes are bioluminescent (they produce light) (del Hoyo, et al., 1992).

45. Penguins catch prey with their bills and swallow it whole while swimming (del Hoyo, et al., 1992). Penguins have a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip slippery prey (Sparks and Soper, 1987; Brooke and Birkhead, 1991).

46. Different species travel various distances from the colony in search of food.

47. . Penguins go through annual fasting periods. Prior to fasting, penguins build a fat layer, which provides energy (Groscolas, 1990).

48.Penguins fast for prolonged periods during breeding seasons; they do not leave nesting areas to feed. Some penguins fast throughout the entire courtship, nesting, and incubation periods (Groscolas, 1990). 49. Chicks fast near the time they are ready to shed juvenile feathers for adult plumage. Usually by this time, the parents no longer are feeding the chick. Growth stops during this fasting period, but resumes once the molt is complete.

50.Breeding male king penguins may fast for up to 54 days during courtship and the first incubation shift (Davis and Darby, 1990).

51. Penguins walk and toboggan from feeding grounds to rookeries. When fishing grounds are far, penguins will feed in seal holes and other openings in the ice (Sparks and Soper, 1987; Marchant, 1990).

52. he length of fasting depends on penguin species, sex, and type of fasting. The king and emperor penguins have the longest fasting periods.

53. [] Chicks first "pip" by poking a small hole in the egg. They then chip at the shell until they can push off the top. Chicks may take up to three days to chip their way out (Sparks and Soper, 1987). 54.. Down feathers of different species may be white, gray, black, or brown. 55. . Chicks require attentive parents for survival. Both parents feed the chick regurgitated food. Adults recognize and feed only their own chicks. Parents are able to identify their young by their chick's distinctive call (Marchant, 1990; Simpson, 1976).

56. Parents brood chicks (keep them warm) by covering them with their brood patch.

57. chick depends on its parents for survival between hatching and the growth of its waterproof feathers. This period may range from seven weeks for Adélie chicks, to 13 months for king chicks. Once a chick has fledged (replaced its juvenile down with waterproof feathers), it is able to enter the water and becomes independent of its parents (Sparks and Soper, 1987).

58.he striking markings of emperor chicks may help to make the chicks more visible against the ice and snow; significant because emperors don't have individual nest sites where the young can be found (Sparks and Soper, 1987).

59 Chicks require attentive parents for survival. Both parents feed the chick regurgitated food. Adults recognize and feed only their own chicks. Parents are able to identify their young by their chick's distinctive call (Marchant, 1990; Simpson, 1976). 60. In some species, partially grown chicks gather in groups called creches. (Creche is a French word for crib.) (Simpson, 1976).

61. Creches provide some protection from predators and the elements (del Hoyo, et al., 1992).

62. Temperate or subtropical crested penguins, like the macaroni or erect-crested, and penguins that nest in burrows, like the fairy or Humboldt, do not form creches (Sparks and Soper, 1987).

63.Male emperor penguins exhibit a feature unique among penguins. If the chick hatches before the female returns, the male, despite his fasting, is able to produce and secrete a curdlike substance from his esophagus to feed the chick (Marchant, 1990; del Hoyo, et al., 1992) allowing for survival and growth for up to two weeks

64. Down feathers are not waterproof, and chicks must remain out of the water until they acquire their juvenile plumage (Sparks and Soper, 1987). Adult plumage is acquired at about one year.

65. Down feathers of different species may be white, gray, black, or brown.

66. The greatest single cause for reproductive failure in some species is the mistiming between parents of nest relief during incubation. This usually occurs when the female fails to return from a foraging trip before the male deserts the nest (Ainley, et al., 1983). A male will spontaneously leave the nest and eggs when the motivation to feed overcomes that for incubating the eggs (Groscolas, 1990).

67.The incubation period varies with species. It may be as short as one month, as in the erect-crested penguins, or as long as 62 to 66 days for the emperors (del Hoyo, et al., 1992).

68. Incubation is the time spent warming the egg before it hatches. With the exception of emperor penguins, partners take turns incubating eggs, allowing each mate to leave to feed for several days at a time (Sparks and Soper, 1987).

69. The incubation temperature for penguins is approximately 36°C (96.5°F); it is a bit lower for the larger species. Emperor penguins can maintain an incubation temperature of 31°C (87.8°F) in an environment that is -60°C (-76°F) (Sparks and Soper, 1987; Brooke and Birkhead, 1991)

70.[|http://www.seaworld.org/infobooks/Penguins/conservation.html] urrently all 17 species of penguins are legally protected from hunting and egg collecting. At least three species are considered at risk (del Hoyo, et al., 1992). For current status of all penguin species,

71.The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is an international treaty developed in 1973 to regulate trade in certain wildlife species, including penguins. CITES categorizes various animals according to their current status.

72. otection of habitat began in the early 1900s. In 1919 the Tasmanian government stopped all exploitation of penguins on Macquarie Island and proclaimed the island a sanctuary. In 1924 the French declared the Kerguelen Islands off Antarctica a National Park (Sparks and Soper, 1987).

73. Most people do not have the opportunity to observe penguins in the wild. The unique ability to observe and learn directly from live animals increases public awareness and appreciation of wildlife. 74. <span style="border-collapse: collapse; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;">Each emperor penguin has their own special song to attract a mate <span style="border-collapse: collapse; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">National geographic Kids copy right november 2006 || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">When in the water, penguins may be eaten by leopard seals, fur seals, sea lions, sharks, or killer whales (Sparks and Soper, 1987; Simpson, 1976). || || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10px; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">then the chick grows up, it finds a mate, which it usually keeps for life. || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">A chick depends on its parents for survival between hatching and the growth of its waterproof feathers. This period may range from seven weeks for Adélie chicks, to 13 months for king chicks. Once a chick has fledged (replaced its juvenile down with waterproof feathers), it is able to enter the water and becomes independent of its parents (Sparks and Soper, 1987). || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">Penguins have a thick layer of insulating feathers which serve to keep them warm in water || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">Penguins generally do not migrate great distances. They tend to disperse from breeding rookeries to feed in nearby coastal waters (Sparks and Soper, 1987).. Emperors and kings primarily eat fishes and squids (Kooyman, 1971). || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">Although it is more energy efficient for penguins to swim under water than at the water surface, they must come to the surface to breathe. They compromise by "porpoising" - leaping in and out of the water, like dolphins or porpoises (Sparks and Soper, 1987). || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">The extraction of oil from penguins' fat layers became economically important in the 1800s and early 1900s. Oil was used for lighting, tanning leather, and fuel. In the Falkland Islands alone, an estimated 2.5 million penguins were killed within a 16-year timespan. The oil industry came to a halt in 1918 due to protests by the general public and because of cheaper and better quality chemical products (del Hoyo, et al., 1992; Sparks and Soper, 1987). || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">Penguins exhibit intricate courting and mate-recognition behavior. Elaborate visual and vocal displays help establish and maintain nesting territories (Marchant, 1990). ||  ||   || about 65 days
 * || ===**Physical characteristics**=== || **Life Cycle** || **Growth** || **Body Functions** || **Location / Habitat** || **Adaption** || **Problems** || **Behavior** || **Diet** || **Predators / Prey** || **Family groups** |||| **Relatives** ||
 * ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || Penguins live Colonies || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">Penguin ancestry beyond //[|Waimanu]// remains unknown and not well-resolved by molecular or morphological analyses.† ||   ||
 * ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">these colonies may range in size from as few as a 100 pairs for Gentoo Penguins ||   ||   ||
 * ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;"> || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;"> || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;"> Living in colonies results in a high level of social interaction between birds, ||   ||   ||
 * || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">The emperor has a black head, chin, and throat with broad yellow ear patches on the sides of the head (Marchant, 1990). || <span style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;"> Every year, female and male penguins get together to mate. Penguin mothers lay one or two eggs in a nest. The nest can be made of grass, a circle of stones, or a burrow under the ground or ice. || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10px; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">Each year, penguins molt (change feathers) by dropping their old feathers and growing new ones. || <span style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11px; line-height: 16px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">Penguins have an average sense of hearing for birds; parents and chicks use this to locate one another in crowded colonies || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">Penguins generally live on islands and remote continental regions that are free of land predators, where their inability to fly is not detrimental to their survival. || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">lthough it is more energy efficient for penguins to swim under water than at the water surface, they must come to the surface to breathe. They compromise by "porpoising" - leaping in and out of the water, like dolphins or porpoises (Sparks and Soper, 1987). || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">Historians believe that indigenous peoples have hunted some species of penguins and taken eggs for centuries (Sparks and Soper, 1987). || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;"> Penguins are among the most social of all birds. All species are colonial to some degree (del Hoyo, et al., 1992). || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">The smaller penguin species of the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily feed on krill and squids. Species found farther north tend to eat fishes (del Hoyo, et al., 1992). ||
 * || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">Chicks, juveniles, and immature penguins may have slightly different markings than adults. Generally, they appear more drab. Adult markings take a year or longer to develop. || <span style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;"> The penguin mother and father take turns incubating the eggs, which takes between one and two months, depending on the species. The chick then chips it way out of the egg. || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">A fine down covers most newly hatched chicks. (King penguin chicks hatch naked and grow down within a few weeks.) || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">They can drink salt water because their [|supraorbital gland] filters excess salt from the bloodstream The salt is excreted in a concentrated fluid from the nasal passages. || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">All 17 species of penguins live in the Southern Hemisphere. || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">To maintain streamlining with least resistance while swimming under water, a penguin keeps its head hunched into its shoulders. The feet are pressed close to the body against the tail to aid in steering (Marchant, 1990). || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;"> Mass exploitation occurred when early explorers, sealers, whalers, and fishermen turned to penguin colonies as sources of fresh meat and eggs (Moller-Schwarze, 1984). Sometimes more than 300,000 eggs were taken in annual harvests from one African island (Sparks and Soper, 1987). Explorers were known to kill and salt 3,000 penguins in a day for voyage provisions (Simpson, 1976). Penguins were easy prey because of their inability to fly and their seeming lack of fear of humans (Sparks and Soper, 1987). Although egg-collecting was banned in 1969, illegal harvesting continues today (del Hoyo, et al., 1992). || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;"> Penguins preen their feathers frequently. Feathers must be maintained in prime condition to ensure waterproofing and insulation. || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">. Penguins eat krill (a shrimplike crustacean in the family Euphausiidae), squids, and fishes. Various species of penguins have slightly different food preferences, which reduces competition among species. || <span style="border-collapse: separate; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">
 * ||  || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">Wings are modified into paddlelike flippers. The bones are much flattened and, broadened, with the joint of elbow and wrist almost fused. This forms a rigid, tapered, and flat flipper for swimming (Marchant, 1990). Each flipper is covered with short, scale-like feathers. The long wing feathers typical of most birds would be too flexible for swimming through water (Sparks and Soper, 19
 * || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">The penguin body is fusiform and streamlined, adapted for swimming (del Hoyo, et al., 1992). A penguin has a large head, short neck, and elongated body. || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">n May or June, the female penguin lays one 450 [|g] (1 lb) [|egg], but at this point her nutritional reserves are exhausted and she must immediately return to the sea to feed. Very carefully, she transfers the egg to the male, who [|incubates] the egg in his brood pouch for

|| <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">Penguin eggs are smaller than any other bird species || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">Like other seabirds, penguins

have glands in the bill that help rid the body of excess salt. The secretion of salt and fluid often collect as droplets on the bill and are shaken off. These glands are so effective that penguins can drink sea water without ill effects (Simpson, 1976). || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">The seasonal changes of the Southern Hemisphere are opposite those of the Northern Hemisphere. While continents above the equator experience spring and summer, the areas below the equator experience fall and winter. || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">They are able to continue breathing without interrupting forward momentum. They can maintain a steady speed of 7 to 10 kph (4.3-6.2 mph). Porpoising also may confuse predators (Sparks and Soper, 1987; del Hoyo, et al., 1992). ||  || Each emperor penguin has their own special song to attract a mate || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">A colony of 5 million Adélies may eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of krill and small fishes daily (Sparks and Soper, 1987). || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">Gulls and ibises eat 40% of African penguin eggs (Sparks and Soper, 1987). || 2. Penguins primarily rely on their vision while hunting (Marchant, 1990). It is not known how penguins locate prey in the darkness, at night, or at great depths, but some scientists hypothesize that penguins are helped by the fact that many oceanic squids, crustaceans, and fishes are bioluminescent (they produce light) (del Hoyo, et al., 1992). || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;"> Fairy penguins rely on burrows and a nocturnal lifestyle to avoid predators such as swamp harriers, peregrines, gulls, snakes, rats, and lizards (Peterson, 1979; Sparks and Soper, 1987). || 1987). ||
 * || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">The crested penguins (genus //Eudyptes//), such as the rockhopper and macaroni, are distinguished by orange or yellow feather crests on the sides of the head, above the eyes. || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">Emperor Penguins first begin to breed at approximately five years of age ||  || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;"> The seasonal changes of the Southern Hemisphere are opposite those of the Northern Hemisphere. While continents above the equator experience spring and summer, the areas below the equator experience fall and winter. || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">enguin species are found on every continent in the Southern Hemisphere. They are abundant on many temperate and subantarctic islands. Different species thrive in varying climates, ranging from Galapagos penguins on tropical islands at the equator to emperor penguins restricted to the pack ice of Antarctica (Sparks and Soper, 1987). ||   ||   ||   || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">
 * ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;">Skuas may work in pairs to obtain their prey. One bird distracts the penguin on the nest, and the other swoops in to steal the egg or chick (Sparks and Soper,


 * Sloppy Copy drafts of writing**

Interview with Mr. Penguin

Announcer; Welcome to Bird Watch with your host Raccoon09! Raccoon;today we will be interviewing Mr. Penguin Penguin; Sqwak! Raccoon; Oops we forgot the penguin translator, Turn it on bob! Translator; Blip Whrrr. Beep Translating! Raccoon ; Can you under stand me mr. penguin penguin; well DUH! Raccoon; Ok lets get started Raccooon; How many kinds of penguins are there? Penguin; 17 Raccoon; I thought they're would be more Penguin; there were. Raccoon; Do all penguins live in the Arctic? Penguin; no, not many do at all! At least 10 species live in the [|temperate] zone Raccoon; what do penguins eat? Penguin; fish krill and squid Raccoon; Are penguins afraid of humans? Penguin; no, we love humans! Raccoon; how are you related to other birds Penguin;Penguin ancestry beyond [|Waimanu] remains unknown Raccoon; What is one of your predators Penguin Leopard Sea What are your predators? Penguin; one of them is the Leopard seal another is the Skuka. On land, foxes, snakes, and introduced predators such as feral dogs, cats, and stoats (members of the weasel family) prey on eggs and chicks of some penguin species, including the yellow-eyed and Galapagos penguins. Raccoon; where do most penguins live? Penguin; penguins generally live on islands and remote continental regions that are free of land predators, where their inability to fly is not detrimental to their survival.

Raccoon; do penguins live alone or in a group? Penguins live in colonies. Raccoon; how long do penguins live? Penguin; 15-20 years Raccoon; Looks like were out of time see ya next time when I interview Mr. Chickadee = 10 facts

penguin saves the island! ! I awoke in my nest and looked at the time. 10:00 breakfast time! I waddled over to the Penguin Cafe` and ordered Krill toast and scrambled fish eggs. "Coming right up, sir" the waiter said. I took a sip of sea water and up-chucked the paper, penguins feed their young by vomiting in their mouths, so I use that talent to carry stuff in my belly. "Here you are sir!" a penguin wearing a bow tie carried a platter with toast, topped with krill and fish eggs! I gobbled it all up! I thanked/payed my waiter and waddled outside. Our island was normally a busy place, but today everyone was huddled over someone! I waddled my as fast as my little flippers could carry me to the problem! "ACK!"I heard someone say. I pushed through the crowd and saw a penguin with SODA RINGS around his neck (soda rings kill lots of penguins)! I used my talent and puked up a sharp rock I used for cutting things and sawed through the wax stuff. "Thank you kind sir!" he had a different accent and looked different from us galapagos penguins, I recognized this kind! HE WAS AN EMPEROR PENGUIN and emporor penguins live in the arctic! And we were in the galapagos! We were by the beach so he must have washed up here with that thing o n his neck! "Hello ol' chap!"he said with a british accent. 'I am from a british zoo, could you tell me where I am?'He asked 'youre on a galapagos island' I said 'oh no!" he said "the galapagos?' this is bad bad bad!' To be continued...= 6 facts

Penguin saves the island, part 2 'Can't you sail back?' asked a penguin in the crowd, 'no I got here because my boat transferring me must have sunk! My brethern should be here and lemme tell you They are MEAN!' Suddenly a BIG penguin burst through the crowd! "yo dere is our little squirt! let's get him and give him a.. gift heh heh heh!" He puked up a big rock and was about to pond him when, 'BACK OFF BUB!' I yelled! 'Oh brave little ne' eh?' ' Get him' 2 penguins had me trapped but there was a gap in between them. Since penguins are good at sliding I slid and knocked one down in the process' OW' he cried but there was a problem a cliff was ahead, good thing penguins swim 75% of their life because when I fell it was in the water. And they followed! They chased me but I was the best swimmer in the colony so I was outmaneuvering them. They both crashed into the island! After I came up our new friend was really happy! he stayed with us for a little while until his ship came and took him. 'good bye ol' chap, I will write!' He said 'me too buddy.' = 2 facts

<span style="font-family: '-webkit-monospace'; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(46, 36, 36);">Dear Mr. Poacher, I would really like it if you would stop killing my colony for our blubber to light oil lamps <span style="color: rgb(46, 36, 36);"> w <span style="font-family: '-webkit-monospace'; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(46, 36, 36);">hen you were poaching seals or whales and please stop stealing our eggs! & don't take our skins PLEASE! We don't like having our skins as caps. And our meat is not bait! And you keep bringing new predators like dogs and rats with germs and cats! And tell your other human friends to stop building over our territory, we're becoming extinct! <span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 0); font-family: -webkit-monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> <span style="font-family: '-webkit-monospace'; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(17, 29, 20);">Yours truly Bill The Penguin= 13 facts

<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; white-space: normal;"> Male and female penguins look the same put they can't play a video games They use their flippers to paddle 48 facts as much as little kids tattle most prey lives in the shallow water even if they have a daughter in Africa gulls eat 40% of penguins eggs even the ones with little legs Flying planes scare colonies But not a little bee They have webbed feet because they are good athletes Penguins are popular around the world because they can swirl Penguins don't live in the north pole so they don't have to shovel coal baby penguins have fluffy feathers please don't cut them off with sissors <span style="color: rgb(17, 29, 20);">